One may say that The Open Society AND Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demANDing moral emotion of sympathy or COMPASSION is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of COMPASSION is necessary for triggering our moral decisions AND values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the sense of belonging to the school, the perception of the school atmosphere AND the academic vitality of elementary school boys in non-profit AND normal schools in Qain city. Method: The method of this research was descriptive AND comparative. The statistical population of this research included all elementary students of non-profit AND normal schools in Qain city in the academic year of 2023-2024. From among the statistical population, 114 students (57 regular students AND 57 male students from non-profit schools) were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect research data, Barry, Betty AND Watt (2004) School Belonging Questionnaire, Reddy AND Rhodes (2007) Perception of School Atmosphere Questionnaire AND Martin AND Marsh (2008) Academic Vitality Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the research data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Findings: The results of the research data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the variables of FEELING of belonging to school, perception of school atmosphere AND academic vitality in non-profit AND normal school students (p<0.005). In other words, the sense of belonging to the school, the perception of the school atmosphere, AND the academic vitality of non-profit students are more than the students of normal schools.Conclusion:The results of this research showed that the scores of normal students in the studied variables are lower than those of non-profit students, so normal schools should provide training to strengthen academic variables

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-COMPASSION on subjective vitality AND loneliness FEELING in students with Learning Disability. The research method of the present study was experimental with pretest, posttest AND control group research design. The statistical population of present study included all high-school students with Learning Disability in Isfahan City in academic year 2017-18. A multistage cluster sampling method was used to selecting the sample. Accordingly, 30 students with Learning Disabilities were selected by cluster sampling AND rANDomly assigned to experiment AND control groups. Before administering the independent variable, pretest was taken from both groups. The tools in the present study included Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (Willcutt, Boada, Riddle, Chhabildas, DeFries & Pennington, 2011), Subjective Vitality (Ryan AND Fredrick, 1997) AND the Children's Loneliness Scale (Asher, Hymel AND Renshaw, 2011). Then the experimental group received 8 teaching sessions in two-AND-a-half months. The acquired data were analyzed through ANCOVA method. The results showed that teaching self-COMPASSION has had significant effect on subjective vitality AND loneliness FEELING in the students with Learning Disability (p<0. 001) in a way that this type of teaching was able to increase subjective vitality AND decrease loneliness FEELING in the students with Learning Disability. Considering the results of the study, teaching self-COMPASSION can be employed to improve subjective vitality AND decrease loneliness FEELING in the students with Learning Disability.

Background & objectives: Parents of children with learning disorders experience more negative emotions than parents of normal children, therefore, they require attention AND receiving psychological interventions. This study made an effort to reduce the psychological problems of these mothers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of selfCOMPASSION training on the shame AND guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers with learning disabilities who referred to Ardabil education AND rehabilitation centers for special learning problems in academic year of 2018-2019. The sample of study consisted of 40 mothers who were selected by available sampling method AND were assigned in two groups of 20 people including experimental AND control group. The experimental group received 8 seventy minutesessions for COMPASSION training. Shame AND guilt scale were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS-22 software. Results: The findings showed that self-COMPASSION training had a significant effect on reducing the shame AND guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities (p<0. 001). That is, 0. 15 AND 0. 18 of the changes in the mean scores of the post-test compared to the pre-test was due to self-COMPASSION training regarding the variables of shame AND guilt in experimental group. Conclusion: The results showed that self-COMPASSION training reduced the FEELINGs of shame AND guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities. FEELINGs of shame AND guilt can lead to psychological damage in mothers AND children. So, it is recommended to use this treatment or educational method to reduce the psychological problems of mothers of children with learning disorders.

Introduction: Divorced women face many health-related problems AND require psychological intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance AND commitment therapy AND COMPASSION-focused therapy on negative automatic thoughts AND FEELING of loneliness in divorced women. Materials AND Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest AND posttest design with the control group. The research population included the divorced women admitted to counseling centers in Ahvaz in 2019, among whom 60 subjects were selected by purposive sampling method AND rANDomly assigned to three equal groups. Each experimental group was treated using acceptance AND commitment therapy AND COMPASSION-focused therapy for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were collected in pre-test AND post-test stages with negative automatic thoughts AND FEELINGs of loneliness scales AND analyzed by methods of chi-square, multivariate analysis of covariance, AND Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The findings showed no significant difference between the experimental AND control groups in terms of education level, age, number of children, AND duration of divorce (p<0. 05). Moreover, compared with the control group, acceptance AND commitment therapy AND COMPASSION-focused therapy led to reduction in negative automatic thoughts AND FEELINGs of loneliness in divorced women (p<0. 001). However, there was no significant difference between the two methods in reducing negative automatic thoughts AND FEELINGs of loneliness (p<0. 05). Conclusion: The results indicated the effectiveness of both treatment methods in reducing negative automatic thoughts AND FEELINGs of loneliness. Therefore, therapists AND health experts can use both methods to improve health-related traits, especially to reduce negative automatic thoughts AND FEELINGs of loneliness.

Aim COMPASSION-focused therapy (CFT) is developed for clients who experience high levels of shame AND self-criticism. CFT emphasizes the centrality of our affiliative system in reducing threat-based processing by allowing us to feel cared for AND able to offer care to both ourselves AND others. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of CFT on shame AND FEELING of guilt among women with sexual abuse experience in childhood. Methods The statistical population consisted of all women with Sexual Abuse experience in Childhood who had referred to counseling centers in Ahvaz. The research sample consisted of 3 women referred to counseling centers that were selected according to the results of the PTSD Checklist (Weathers, 1993) with cutoff point of 50 AND with purposeful sampling method. In this research, a single-case experimental design, type of non-concurrent multiple baseline designs was used. To evaluate the shame AND FEELING of guilt, the state shame AND guilt scale (SSGS) were used. The protocol of CFT was carried out in three phases of basic lines, intervention of 8 weekly sessions, AND two months follow-up. Findings The findings indicated that the subjects in the shame treatment phase experienced 31. 20% improvement AND in the guilt phase experienced 28. 68% improvement. The effectiveness was maintained during the 2-month follow-up. The change index was indicative of meaningful changes. Conclusion Therefore, the research findings illustrated that CFT is effective in decreasing of shame AND FEELING of guilt of women with sexual abuse experience in childhood, through decreasing reducing threat-based processing AND strengthening the soothing system through the cultivation of COMPASSION.

Introduction: Disability makes people feel ashamed. According to this the aim of the present study was to find a structural model for FEELING shame AND guilty according to the defense mechanisms with the mediation of selfCOMPASSION in physically disabled patients. Methods: The present study was applicative AND the research method was correlation through structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included physically disabled patients hospitalized in specialized centers in zones 17 AND 18 in the city of Tehran in the spring of 2020. The patients’ disability resulted from dystrophy, cerebral paralysis, Multiple Sclerosis AND spinal cord injury. The sample size in the present study was 250 patients who were selected via convenient sampling method. The research instruments included Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (ANDrews, Singh, Bond, 1993), Self-COMPASSION Questionnaire (Neff, 2003) AND Test of SelfConscious Affect (TOSCA) (Tangeni, 1992). The data analysis was conducted via structural equation modeling through SPSS AND Amos software version 23. Findings: The results showed that mature defense mechanism, immature defense mechanism, neurotic defense mechanism AND self-COMPASSION have had significant direct effect on FEELING shame AND guilty in physically-disabled patients (p<0. 001). Moreover, the results showed that self-COMPASSION has significant mediation role in the relationship of mature defense mechanism, immature defense mechanism AND neurotic defense mechanism with FEELING shame AND guilty besides its direct effect on this FEELING in physically disabled patients. Conclusion: Taking the significant mediation role of self-COMPASSION, the clinical therapists are suggested to apply efficient psychological therapy methods such as COMPASSION-based treatment to decrease their FEELING shame AND guilty through influencing physically-disabled patients’ defense mechanisms.

Current literature demonstrates a negative relationship between repression, physical heath, AND psychological adjustment. In contrast, several recent studies indicated that repression AND suppression of emotion might separate traits that had different relationships with adjustment AND health, especially when combined with different personality traits. Based on this idea, the current study investigated the relationship between emotion suppression, physical health, AND adjustment according to the role of self-regulation processes. A sample of 220 students (125 females AND 95 males) from University of Tehran completed Suppression /Self-Regulation of Withholding Negative Emotions (Kim et al, 2002), Integrative Self-Knowledge (Ghorbani et al, 2008), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown AND Ryan, 2003), Self-COMPASSION (Raes et al, 2011), Self-Control (Tagney et al, 2004), Social desirability (Balard, 1992), Subjective Vitality (Ryan AND frederick, 1997), General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg et al, 1997), AND Symptom Checklist (Bartone, 1995). The results showed that controlled suppression of emotion negatively related to self-regulation processes AND predicted negative physical AND mental symptoms, while autonomous suppression of emotion had a positive relationship with integrative self-knowledge AND self-control. Furthermore, social desirability had a positive relationship with self-regulation processes AND predicted health through self-regulation processes. Based on this results, it could be concluded that suppression of emotion is not entirely a maladaptive trait AND it may work in certain contexts. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Moulana Jalal al-din Mohammad Balkhi is the most distinguished thinker AND poet of the 7th century AH whose two grAND oeuvres Masnavi Manavi AND Ghazaliat Shams are ranked among the greatest in the world. Although about these two masterpieces till present numerous commentaries, AND books have been written, studies been made yet from all aspects particularly regarding their wonderful themes the works are forever open to researches.This article is a study of Moulana's grAND thought, imagination, COMPASSION, AND FEELING AND also his poetics AND his language which has captured the world with his genius.